Chemistry in the fight against diseases of pets. Part Two

Penicillin group drugs are effective in infections caused by bacteria such as streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci. Over the time since the release of 6-aminopenicillanic acid, the effectiveness and duration of action, resistance to acids and the action of b-lactamase, an enzyme that destroys penicillin, have significantly increased, as well as the spectrum of antibacterial action of drugs has expanded. One of the penicillins — benzylpenicillin — is a substance unstable in acidic environments and sensitive to the action of b-lactamase. Another derivative of 6-aminopenicillanic acid — phenoxymethylpenicillin, on the contrary, is more stable in acidic environments. An increase in the duration of action of penicillin was achieved by reducing its solubility. The following group of penicillins proved effective in the treatment of mastitis in animals. However, one of the compounds of this group — carbenicillin — is not effective enough, because after some time after the start of its use, resistant strains of the pathogen appear. Isoxazolpenicillins are active in relation to organisms producing b-lactamase. They are used to treat mastitis in lactating and dry-resistant cows. The latest achievement in the study of penicillins is the discovery of b-lactamase inhibitors. The idea is to select inhibitors that effectively protect penicillins sensitive to the action of b-lactamase. Such a compound turned out to be clavulanic acid. It is currently being intensively researched in many countries.


Cephalosporins

Cephalosporins are a group of antibiotics — derivatives of cephalosporin C produced by the fungus Cephalosporium. As well as for penicillins, chemical modification of 7-aminocephalosporin acid allowed to obtain a large number of semi-synthetic derivatives. After the introduction of sulfonamides and penicillins into the practice of chemotherapy, extensive research aimed at finding new natural antibiotics was continued. Several major new groups of antibiotics have been discovered: aminoglycosides, for example streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, neomycin, etc.; tetracyclines —chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, etc., chloramphenicol (levomycetin); polypeptide antibiotics, for example polymyxin B; macrolide antibiotics and antibiotics of other groups — erythromycin, tylosin, spiramycin, lincomycin, lindamycin et al . 1xBet promo code free can guarantee you the maximum bonus 100%, all other 1xbet codes do not give you such bonuses. The number of promo codes issued is limited by the terms of the promotion. After the expiration of the promotion, it is the turn to issue a new batch of codes, which are published on our website always up-to-date and working promo codes for 1xbet.